superoksiide

Superoxide refers to the diatomic radical anion with the chemical formula O2-. It is an oxygen molecule that has gained an extra electron, resulting in an unpaired electron and a negative charge. This unpaired electron makes superoxide a reactive oxygen species, meaning it is chemically reactive and can participate in various biochemical processes. In biological systems, superoxide is primarily generated as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism, particularly during the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It can also be produced by certain enzymes like NADPH oxidases. While superoxide plays a role in some physiological functions, such as immune responses where it helps kill pathogens, its excessive production can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between free radical production and the body's ability to neutralize them is disrupted. This imbalance can damage cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to aging and various diseases. The body has defense mechanisms against superoxide, including antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which converts superoxide into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can then be further detoxified by other enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase.