summon

Summon is a term with multiple, related meanings centered on calling something or someone to appear. It can refer to the act of inviting a person to attend an event, the invocation of a spirit or deity in magical or folkloric contexts, or the legal act of commanding a person to appear in court. The precise sense is usually determined by context.

Etymology: The word derives from Old French somoner, from Latin submonere, meaning to call together or warn. Over time, it came to denote both formal calls to appear and the act of evoking or bringing forth something, especially in ritual or narrative usage.

Legal usage: In law, a summons is a formal notice issued by a court that requires a defendant or witness to appear at a specified time and place, or to respond to a complaint. Service of process typically follows jurisdictional rules, and failure to comply can result in penalties such as a default judgment or other legal consequences. A summons is separate from other instruments like subpoenas, which may compel testimony or production of documents.

Magical and folkloric usage: In many traditions, summoning refers to rituals intended to call forth spirits, demons, angels, or elemental beings. Such practices often involve symbolic tools, words or incantations, and protective boundaries. Depictions emphasize both the potential power and the dangers or ethical considerations of attempting to compel beings beyond the mortal realm.

Fictional and gaming usage: In contemporary media, summoning is a common motif and gameplay mechanic. Characters may expend magical resources to summon allies, creatures, or entities that assist them for a limited time or under certain conditions. The concept frequently explores themes of control, consent, and the costs associated with calling forth powerful forces.