stúpa

A stúpa is a dome-shaped structure originating in ancient India, serving as a monument holding relics or as a place of meditation. The earliest forms of stúpas were simple burial mounds, but over time they evolved into more complex architectural designs. The primary purpose of a stúpa is to enshrine sacred Buddhist relics, such as the ashes or bones of the Buddha, or other revered monks and saints. They are also often used as symbolic representations of the Buddha's enlightened mind and the path to enlightenment.

Stúpas are typically circular in plan and consist of several key architectural elements. The base, often called the "anda" or egg, is the main dome-shaped structure. Surrounding the anda is a circumambulation path or "pradakshina patha," where devotees walk clockwise in meditation and reverence. Above the dome, a mast or "yasti" rises, representing the axis of the universe. This mast is usually topped by several umbrella-like discs called "chatras," symbolizing royalty and protection. Many stúpas are also adorned with intricate carvings and statues depicting Buddhist deities and narratives. The construction and design of stúpas vary significantly across different Buddhist traditions and regions, reflecting local artistic styles and cultural influences. They remain important sites of pilgrimage and spiritual practice for Buddhists worldwide.