stúpas

A stupa is a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine. Originating in ancient India, these structures typically house relics of the Buddha or other important Buddhist figures, though some are primarily symbolic. The word "stupa" itself is derived from Sanskrit and Pali, meaning a heap or mound.

The architectural form of the stupa evolved over centuries. Early stupas were simple hemispherical mounds. Over time, they developed more complex features, including a base, a dome (anda), a harmika (a square railing at the top), and a mast (yashti) topped with umbrellas (chhatra). These elements often carry symbolic meanings related to Buddhist cosmology and teachings. The circumambulation path around the stupa, known as a pradakshina patha, is an important ritual practice for devotees.

Stupas are found throughout Asia, with significant examples in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Southeast Asia, and China. They serve as focal points for meditation, prayer, and pilgrimage. The construction and veneration of stupas are integral to many Buddhist traditions, representing the Buddha's parinirvana and serving as a constant reminder of the path to enlightenment. Different regions and Buddhist schools have developed unique styles and variations in stupa design and construction.