spokes

Spokes are slender rods that connect the hub to the rim of a wheel. They work under tension to keep the rim centered and true, transfer load from the rider to the rim, and transmit torque from the hub to the wheel. Proper spoke tension and alignment are essential for wheel strength, stiffness, and stability.

Spokes are made from various materials, most commonly steel (high-tensile or stainless), with aluminum or carbon fiber used in some high-performance wheels. They come in different shapes, including round and bladed, and in different end configurations such as J-bend or straight-pull. Each spoke is threaded at its rim side with a nipple, a small brass or aluminum piece that allows fine-tuning of tension.

Spokes are arranged in specific lacing patterns. Radial lacing uses spokes that run straight from hub to rim without cross-overs, while cross lacing patterns (such as 2-cross or 3-cross) cross other spokes to distribute load more evenly and increase strength. Front wheels may use radial or light cross patterns, while rear wheels often employ crosses to handle asymmetric forces from the cassette. The number of spokes and the lacing pattern influence ride feel, weight, and durability.

Maintenance involves checking and adjusting spoke tension, truing the wheel to correct lateral and vertical wobbles, and ensuring proper dish (alignment of the rim relative to the hub). Spokes can loosen or break due to impacts, rough terrain, or fatigue, and damaged wheels typically require replacement of spokes and retensioning by a skilled wheelbuilder.