spid

SPID, or Sistema Pubblico di Identità Digitale, is Italy’s public digital identity framework that enables individuals and, in some cases, businesses to authenticate themselves online to access public administration services and a growing number of private-sector sites. It is built on a federation of Identity Providers (IdPs) accredited by AgID (Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale). To obtain SPID, a user selects an IdP, completes identity verification (which can be done in person, by video, or using trusted digital documents), and receives SPID credentials, usually a username and password plus a second factor such as a one-time code or push notification.

SPID supports three levels of assurance: livello 1, livello 2, and livello 3, with increasing requirements for authentication strength. Level 1 provides basic access, Level 2 requires multi-factor authentication, and Level 3 involves the highest level of verification and can enable advanced actions such as digital signatures.

SPID credentials can be used to access a wide range of services, including portals of public administrations (for example, INPS, Agenzia delle Entrate, and municipal portals) and many private services that participate in the system. The framework emphasizes privacy and data minimization, with IdPs responsible for verifying identity and handling personal data in compliance with Italian law. AgID oversees governance, interoperability standards, and the accreditation process for IdPs. SPID is a cornerstone of Italy’s digital-government strategy, providing a single, user-controlled entry point to online public services while maintaining security and privacy.