spasme

Spasme, also spelled spasme in some languages, refers to a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles. The contraction can be painful or uncomfortable and may involve jerking or tightness. Spasms can affect skeletal muscles, smooth muscles of organs, or the eyelids and other small muscles.

Common forms include muscle cramps (painful sustained contractions), fasciculations (fine twitching under the skin), and tonic or clonic spasms in various muscles. Visceral or organ spasms involve rhythmic contractions of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, or airways, and are usually associated with underlying conditions.

Causes are diverse: dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (low potassium, calcium, or magnesium), overuse or injury, nerve compression or disease, certain medications or toxins, and neurological or metabolic disorders. Spasms can occur during sleep or with intense exercise; chronic spasms may reflect underlying disease such as neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, or cerebral palsy.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on history and examination. Blood tests or imaging may be used to identify electrolyte disturbances, metabolic problems, or structural causes. Treatment for acute muscle spasm includes gentle stretching, massage, heat, hydration, and, if advised by a clinician, analgesics or antispasmodics. Long-term management may involve physical therapy, addressing underlying conditions, and, in some cases, medications to reduce muscle tone.

Prevention focuses on staying hydrated, maintaining electrolytes, regular stretching, proper warm-up, and avoiding excessive strain. Prognosis depends on the cause; isolated muscle cramps are usually benign, whereas spasms connected to chronic neurological or systemic diseases require ongoing management.