spårämnen

Spårämnen are mineral nutrients needed in very small amounts by humans for normal growth, development and health. They are considered micronutrients, in contrast to macro minerals such as calcium and potassium. Spårämnen often act as cofactors for enzymes, help regulate metabolism, or contribute to the structure of tissues and molecules.

The essential spårämnen in humans commonly include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co) as part of vitamin B12. Fluoride is sometimes included because of its role in dental health. Each element has specific functions: iron for oxygen transport; zinc and copper for various enzymatic reactions; iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis; selenium for antioxidant enzymes; chromium for glucose metabolism; molybdenum for several enzymes; cobalt as a component of B12.

Requirements vary with age, sex and life stage, and intake is typically obtained from a varied diet. Common dietary sources include meat, fish and poultry, dairy products, whole grains, legumes and vegetables; iodine primarily from iodized salt; selenium from seafood and certain nuts; fluoride from fluoridated water and dental products. Absorption can be influenced by other nutrients: vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption, while phytates and tannins can reduce iron and zinc uptake. Mineral interactions can also affect balance and utilization.

Deficiency of spårämnen can lead to specific disorders, such as iron-deficiency anemia or iodine-deficiency goiter, whereas excess intake may cause toxicity, particularly with supplements. In most populations, a balanced diet suffices; supplementation is generally reserved for defined groups under medical guidance. Monitoring of levels is used in clinical or research settings to assess status.