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Solubility refers to the ability of a substance, known as a solute, to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture called a solution. The extent to which a solute dissolves in a solvent is influenced by several factors, including temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent. When a solute dissolves in a solvent, the individual particles of the solute become surrounded by solvent particles, leading to a uniform distribution of the solute throughout the solvent.

The solubility of a substance can be expressed in various ways, such as the mass of solute per unit volume of solvent at a given temperature, or the concentration of the solute in the solution. Solubility is often temperature-dependent; for example, the solubility of most solids in liquids generally increases with temperature, while the solubility of gases in liquids typically decreases with temperature.

Factors affecting solubility include the polarity of the solute and solvent, the presence of other substances, and the nature of the chemical interactions between the solute and solvent. For instance, like dissolves like, meaning polar solutes dissolve more readily in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes dissolve more readily in nonpolar solvents.

Solubility is a crucial concept in chemistry, biology, and various industrial processes. It plays a significant role in determining the behavior of substances in different environments, influencing processes such as drug delivery, chemical reactions, and material science applications. Understanding solubility is essential for optimizing conditions in various fields, from pharmaceuticals to environmental science.