socialezekerheidsuitgaven

Sociale zekerheid, commonly referred to as social security in English, is a system of public programs designed to provide income support and access to essential services for individuals and families facing life risks such as retirement, illness, disability, unemployment, or dependence.

In many countries the term encompasses a range of programs, including pension schemes for old age, unemployment insurance, disability benefits, sick pay, family allowances, housing support, and, where available, universal health coverage.

Funding typically comes from a mix of payroll contributions, general taxation, and government spending. Administration is usually entrusted to national or regional agencies, with eligibility rules based on factors such as prior work history, residency, income, and family status. Benefit levels may be linked to earnings, flat-rate, or means-tested, and are often designed to replace only a portion of lost income.

Different countries implement social security through varying models. The Beveridge model emphasizes universal coverage funded through taxation, while the Bismarck model relies on contributions from employers and employees. In practice many nations combine elements. Debates focus on adequacy, sustainability in aging populations, coverage gaps, and incentivizing work.