socialdistance

Social distance, or social distancing, is a set of public health measures intended to reduce close contact between people to slow the transmission of contagious diseases. The primary aim is to lower the effective reproduction number of the pathogen, preserving healthcare capacity during an outbreak.

Common measures include staying home when ill, canceling or postponing mass gatherings, remote work and schooling, staggered shifts, lockdowns or stay-at-home advisories, and maintaining physical distance in public spaces. Where feasible, communities use signage, reconfigured layouts, barriers, and improved ventilation to support distance. In many guidelines, a physical separation of about 1 to 2 meters (roughly 3 to 6 feet) between people is recommended, with variations by setting and pathogen.

Evidence on effectiveness depends on the pathogen and context; distancing has been associated with reduced transmission in past influenza outbreaks and during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly when combined with other measures such as mask use and ventilation. Distancing can mitigate peaks in demand on health systems but entails social, economic, and educational costs and may disproportionately affect vulnerable groups. Term usage can be a source of confusion, as 'social distance' is sometimes interpreted as social isolation; many public health authorities prefer 'physical distancing' to emphasize maintaining social connections.

Implementation is scenario-specific, including schools, workplaces, transportation, and events. Policies may be voluntary guidance, targeted restrictions, or legally enforceable orders, and compliance ranges from voluntary adherence to enforcement. As responses evolve with vaccination, testing, and therapeutics, the emphasis may shift toward ventilation, masking, and targeted distancing rather than broad, prolonged measures.