soaping

Soaping commonly refers to the process of applying soap or a soap solution to a surface, material, or skin to remove dirt, oils, microbes, or stains. The term can denote routine hygiene (handwashing, bathing), laundering textiles, dishwashing, and various household or industrial cleaning tasks. In some trades it also describes preparatory treatments—such as applying a soap solution to leather or fabric to soften, degrease, or condition materials.

The cleaning action of soaping relies on surfactants present in soap molecules, which lower surface tension and emulsify oils and particulate matter so they can be rinsed away. Traditional soap is produced by saponification, a chemical reaction between fats and an alkali, while modern formulations include synthetic detergents, fragrances, and additives for specific purposes (antibacterial agents, moisturizers, enzymes). Techniques vary by application and may include lathering, soaking, mechanical agitation, or machine washing.

Health and environmental considerations associated with soaping include skin irritation from harsh detergents, potential contribution to antimicrobial resistance from overuse of antibacterial agents, and aquatic impacts from certain surfactants and additives. Biodegradable soaps and concentrated or phosphate-free formulations are commonly recommended alternatives. Historically and culturally, the development and use of soap have been central to public health improvements and domestic practice across societies.