Biodegradable

Biodegradable refers to a substance's ability to be broken down by biological processes, typically by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, into natural substances like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. The rate and extent of biodegradation depend on the material and the environment, including temperature, moisture, pH, oxygen availability, and the presence of specific microorganisms. As a result, biodegradation can range from minutes to years and varies widely by context.

Biodegradation occurs in different settings, notably soil, composting systems, and aquatic environments. Industrial composting facilities use controlled conditions to accelerate breakdown, while home composting is less uniform. In some cases, materials are labeled biodegradable but may not degrade fully in all environments, such as sanitary landfills or the open sea.

Biodegradable does not automatically mean harmless or environmentally benign. It is distinct from compostability; compostable materials are designed to break down into usable compost under specific composting conditions. Some materials, such as certain bioplastics (for example, certain PLA or PHA formulations), are biodegradable under industrial composting but may persist in marine or landfill conditions. Conventional plastics are generally not biodegradable.

Standards and labeling aim to prevent misleading claims. Examples include EN 13432 and ASTM D6400 for compostability, and various certification marks like OK compost. Regulatory guidance from agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission and regional authorities seeks to address greenwashing and ensure clear disposal instructions.

Overall, biodegradability can reduce persistent waste when properly managed, but it is not a universal solution and depends on material properties and disposal infrastructure.