slowdown

Slowdown is a general term used to describe a reduction in the rate at which a system grows, develops, or operates. It can apply to economic activity, manufacturing, technology, traffic, or natural processes. A slowdown differs from a contraction or recession in that it denotes slower growth rather than negative output, although extended slowdowns can precede more severe downturns in some contexts.

In economics, a slowdown refers to a period when the rate of GDP growth slows relative to earlier periods. It can reflect weaker investment, consumer demand, or export performance. Indicators include slower GDP growth, lower industrial production, and subdued employment gains. Causes may include monetary tightening, external shocks, rising input costs, or policy uncertainty. Policy responses can involve adjusting interest rates, fiscal measures, or reforms aimed at boosting productivity. The characterization of a slowdown often depends on its duration, breadth across sectors, and the pace of recovery.

Other domains use the term similarly. In technology and computing, a slowdown describes reduced processing speed or throughput due to resource constraints, bottlenecks, or inefficient algorithms. In transportation, traffic slowdown refers to slower vehicle movement caused by congestion, incidents, or road work. In science and engineering, slowdown can denote decelerating reaction rates or slower motion under energy limitations.

Measurement typically relies on related metrics: GDP growth rates and employment for economics; response time and throughput for systems; average speeds or congestion indices for traffic. The concept serves as a shorthand for assessing where a system is expanding more slowly than desired.