skinelectrode

A skin electrode is a device placed on the surface of the skin to detect bioelectric signals or provide electrical stimulation. It serves as the interface between the body’s electrically active tissues and external recording or stimulation equipment. Skin electrodes are widely used in clinical diagnostics, research, and therapy, including electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

Common types include wet gel electrodes (often silver/silver chloride with conductive gel), dry electrodes (no gel, rely on direct skin contact or micro-structured surfaces), and capacitive electrodes (non-contact, use insulating layers and coupling through skin).

Typical construction comprises a conductive element mounted on a flexible backing, an adhesive, and a lead wire to measurement equipment. Gel or paste improves skin contact and lowers interfacial impedance. Reusable or disposable variants exist.

Performance depends on skin impedance, electrode placement, and motion. Proper skin preparation, cleaning, and hair trimming improve signal quality. Safety considerations include biocompatible materials and avoidance of excessive current; many standards govern use in medical settings.

Regulatory standards for medical electrodes include IEC 60601 series and ISO 10993 for biocompatibility; Ag/AgCl wet electrodes have historically provided stable recordings in clinical practice.