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Scalability refers to the ability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged to accommodate that growth. In computing, scalability is a key characteristic of systems that are designed to be modified to handle increasing demands. This increase can be in the number of users, the volume of transactions, or the amount of data processed. A system is considered scalable if it can continue to function effectively as its size or workload increases.

There are generally two types of scalability: vertical and horizontal. Vertical scalability, also known as scaling up, involves increasing the capacity of existing resources. This might mean upgrading a server with more powerful hardware, such as a faster CPU, more RAM, or larger storage. Horizontal scalability, or scaling out, involves adding more resources to a system. This typically means adding more machines or nodes to a cluster to distribute the workload.

The importance of scalability is evident in many areas, including software applications, databases, and cloud computing. Applications that are scalable can adapt to fluctuations in demand, ensuring that performance remains acceptable even during peak times. For example, a popular website needs to be scalable to handle a sudden surge in traffic. Databases that are scalable can efficiently store and retrieve ever-increasing amounts of data. Cloud computing platforms are inherently designed with scalability in mind, allowing users to provision and de-provision resources as needed. Designing for scalability from the outset can save significant costs and effort in the long run by avoiding costly re-architectures.