sjokk

Sjokk is a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, leading to cellular dysfunction and potential organ failure. In medical use, it refers to a syndrome with varied underlying causes that disrupt the circulatory system and impede normal blood flow to tissues.

There are several main categories of sjokk. Hypovolemic shock results from large fluid loss, such as severe bleeding or dehydration. Cardiogenic shock is due to impaired heart function, often following a major heart attack or severe arrhythmia. Distributive shock includes septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic forms, where systemic vasodilation or maldistribution of blood flow reduces effective circulation. Obstructive shock arises from interruptions to blood flow, such as tamponade, tension pneumothorax, or massive pulmonary embolism. Each type has distinct triggers and requires specific therapeutic focus, though they can share clinical features.

Clinical presentation typically includes low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, cool and clammy skin, altered mental status, and reduced urine output. Patients may become tachypneic and develop metabolic abnormalities such as elevated lactate. Diagnosis is clinical and supported by laboratory tests and imaging; point-of-care ultrasound and echocardiography can help identify cardiac function and obstructive causes, while labs monitor acid-base status, lactate, and organ function.

Management emphasizes rapid assessment and stabilization. Key steps include securing airway and breathing, establishing circulation, and controlling the underlying cause. Fluid resuscitation with crystalloids is common, with blood products considered for hemorrhagic shock, and vasopressors used to maintain perfusion when fluids are insufficient. Treating the triggering condition (infection with antibiotics, relief of obstruction, control of bleeding) is essential. Prognosis depends on the cause, timeliness of treatment, and organ involvement, with higher risks associated with septic and cardiogenic shock.