sindh

Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the southern part of the country along the Arabian Sea. Its capital and largest city is Karachi, a major port and economic hub. The province is bounded by Balochistan to the west, Punjab to the north-east, and the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan across the eastern border.

Geography and climate: The Indus River traverses Sindh from north to south, creating a fertile corridor that supports agriculture and settlements; the Indus Delta lies near the coast. The eastern part includes the Thar Desert, while the coast is exposed to tropical and monsoon influences. The climate ranges from arid in the south to semi-arid in the north, with hot summers and cooler winters.

History and name: The name Sindh derives from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. The region is the heartland of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, with sites such as Mohenjo-daro. In premodern times it was ruled by various empires and dynasties and became a province of Pakistan after independence in 1947. The province has long been a center of trade and culture, centered on Karachi and Hyderabad.

Demographics and culture: Sindh is home to a diverse population with Sindhi as the majority language; Urdu and Punjabi are widely spoken, particularly in Karachi. The province is known for its Sufi heritage and distinctive Sindhi culture, including crafts such as ajrak printing. The economy combines agriculture—cotton, rice, sugarcane—with industry and commerce, anchored by Karachi's port facilities, such as the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim.