signalointimekanismit
Signalointimekanismit, or signal transduction mechanisms, refer to the processes by which cells convert external stimuli into specific intracellular responses. These pathways are essential for maintaining homeostasis, coordinating growth, responding to environmental changes, and regulating immune functions. Signals can be chemical, physical, or electrical in nature, and the transduction pathways often involve multiple proteins and intermediates that amplify and propagate the signal.
The most common classes of signal transduction mechanisms are receptor–ligand interactions at the plasma membrane. Receptor‑ligand
Another major category is intracellular signaling cascades that propagate the signal within the cell. These cascades
Signal transduction can also occur directly through the opening of ion channels or through the interaction