sialagogue

A sialagogue is an agent that stimulates the production and flow of saliva. The term derives from the Latin word for saliva and is commonly used in dental and medical contexts to describe substances or stimuli that increase salivary secretion. Sialagogues can be categorized as gustatory or pharmacologic, among other types.

Gustatory sialagogues are natural or sensory stimuli that provoke reflex salivation. Sour-tasting foods and beverages, such as citrus, lemon, or sour candies, as well as chewing gum, are common examples. These stimuli activate receptors in the oral cavity that trigger salivary reflexes via the autonomic nervous system.

Pharmacologic sialagogues are drugs that actively stimulate salivary glands. The principal systemic sialagogues are muscarinic receptor agonists, such as pilocarpine and cevimeline, which increase glandular secretion by stimulating parasympathetic receptors. Pharmacologic sialagogues are used in clinical settings to treat xerostomia (dry mouth), particularly in conditions like Sjögren syndrome or after radiotherapy to the head and neck.

Clinical considerations include benefits and potential side effects. Pharmacologic sialagogues can cause sweating, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, bronchospasm, or cardiovascular effects due to cholinergic activity, and they may be contraindicated in certain conditions. Nonpharmacologic sialagogues provide temporary relief but do not address underlying gland dysfunction. Sialagogues are one component of managing dry mouth and are chosen based on underlying cause and patient needs.