shipbreaking

Shipbreaking is the dismantling of ships at end of life to recover valuable materials and components for recycling, disposal, or reuse. The work is typically carried out at dedicated shipbreaking yards, with significant activity concentrated in South Asia—most notably Alang in India, Chittagong in Bangladesh, and Gadani in Pakistan—and also in Aliağa, Turkey, and other sites in the region and beyond. The process begins with the removal of fuels, oils, and other liquids, followed by the safe extraction of hazardous materials such as asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls. Tanks, ballast, and other systems are emptied and decontaminated. Hulls are then cut into sections, usually by handheld or robotic cutting methods, and metals (primarily steel) along with other materials are recovered for recycling.

The industry provides a source of secondary steel and other materials, supports local employment, and contributes to regional economies. However, shipbreaking raises environmental and health concerns, including soil and water pollution from hazardous wastes, air emissions from burning or cutting processes, and exposure risks for workers. Regulation and enforcement vary by country and yard. International efforts to improve safety and environmental performance include the Hong Kong Convention on ship recycling, the European Union’s Ship Recycling Regulation, and guidelines from the International Labour Organization. Critics argue that progress depends on stronger enforcement, safer working conditions, and better waste management at breaking yards.