semikondorer

Semikondorer are materials whose electrical conductivity lies between that of metals and insulators. Their conductivity can be tuned by temperature, light, electric fields, and most importantly by adding small amounts of impurities, a process known as doping. The distinctive feature is their electronic band structure, which allows controlled generation and transport of charge carriers.

The most common semikondorer are crystalline silicon and germanium, along with compound materials such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide. Doping introduces acceptor or donor states, producing p-type or n-type semikondorer. Interfaces between opposite types form junctions that enable diode and transistor action.

Semikondorer are the foundation of modern electronics. Major devices include diodes, transistors (especially MOSFETs), integrated circuits, solar cells, LEDs, and various sensors. These components are built on wafers using processes like deposition, diffusion, lithography, etching, and metallization.

The field has a long history, beginning with early observations of semiconductor effects, the invention of the transistor in 1947, and the emergence of integrated circuits in the 1950s and 1960s. Ongoing research explores new materials and structures, including organic, amorphous, and two-dimensional semikondorer, as well as perovskites and other compounds, to achieve improvements in speed, efficiency, and form factor.