semenrelated

Semen is the reproductive fluid produced by the male reproductive tract that transports and nourishes sperm at ejaculation. In humans, it consists of spermatozoa suspended in seminal plasma, which is secreted by the testes via the epididymis and by accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands. Sperm make up a small portion of the volume, while seminal plasma provides nutrients, enzymes, and other factors that support sperm survival and function.

Composition: The seminal vesicles contribute fructose and other nutrients; the prostate adds citric acid, enzymes, and zinc; bulbourethral glands secrete mucus. Seminal plasma also contains prostaglandins and antioxidants. The overall fluid is typically alkaline, helping neutralize vaginal acidity and promote sperm motility.

Function: Semen serves to transport, nourish, and protect sperm during transit to the female reproductive tract. It provides energy sources for sperm, buffers pH, and contains enzymes that regulate coagulation and subsequent liquefaction after ejaculation.

Clinical relevance: Semen analysis is routinely used in fertility workups. Common measurements include semen volume, sperm concentration, total and progressive motility, morphology, vitality, pH, and white blood cell counts. Reference ranges vary by laboratory; typical guidelines note thresholds for fertility assessment, but individual results are interpreted in context.

Health and lifestyle: Semen quality can be affected by age, body weight, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, drugs, heat exposure, infections, and chronic illnesses. Abstinence interval and recent illness can influence results.

Applications: In addition to clinical testing, semen is used in assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization and for sperm cryopreservation. Semen examinations also appear in forensic science for identification, paternity testing, and toxicology when relevant.