sedatsiooni

Sedation, sometimes referred to by the term sedatsioon in certain languages, is a medical approach used to depress the central nervous system to reduce awareness, anxiety, and pain during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. It spans a spectrum from minimal sedation (anxiolysis) to moderate sedation (conscious sedation), deep sedation, and general anesthesia. In minimal and moderate forms, patients usually remain responsive and maintain protective airway reflexes; deep sedation and general anesthesia require more extensive airway management and monitoring.

Indications include dental work, imaging studies such as MRI, minor surgical procedures, and situations where anxiety or pain would otherwise hinder care. The choice of drugs and route of administration depends on patient factors, the procedure, and the desired level of consciousness. Common agents include benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam), opioids (e.g., fentanyl), propofol, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine, with routes such as oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or inhaled (e.g., nitrous oxide).

Monitoring is essential and typically includes continuous heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate, with capnography and, when appropriate, electrocardiography. Pre-procedure assessment, fasting guidance, and readiness to manage airway complications reduce risks. Sedation carries potential adverse effects, including respiratory depression, hypotension, delirium, and allergic reactions, with higher risk in children, the elderly, obese individuals, and those with pulmonary or cardiac disease.

Post-procedure care involves recovery until mental status and vital signs return to baseline, adequate pain and nausea control, and clear discharge instructions. Sedation practices are governed by professional guidelines and require trained personnel, proper facilities, and individualized planning.