schiena

Schiena is the Italian noun for the back, the posterior region of the human trunk. It extends from the neck to the pelvis and includes the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions, as well as the overlying skin and soft tissues. The back contains the vertebral column, which protects the spinal cord, and a network of muscles that support posture and enable movement. Major muscle groups include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, and the erector spinae, working together to bend, twist, and stabilize the torso. The back also serves as a point of attachment for ribs (in the thorax) and for numerous tendinous and fascial structures.

Functions: structural support for the body, protection of the spinal cord and nerves, maintenance of posture, and facilitation of trunk and limb movement through the spine and surrounding muscles.

Common conditions: Back pain is a frequent medical issue, often arising from muscle strain, poor posture, or age-related degenerative changes in the spine. Other conditions include scoliosis (spinal curvature), herniated discs, osteoporosis-related fractures, and spinal stenosis. Evaluation typically involves clinical examination and imaging such as X-ray or MRI. Treatments range from rest and physical therapy to medications and, in some cases, surgery or injections. Preventive measures emphasize regular physical activity, core strengthening, proper lifting techniques, and ergonomic work setups.

Linguistic note: In Italian, schiena refers to the back and appears in expressions about posture, for example tenere la schiena dritta meaning to stand with a straight back.