scalpel

A scalpel is a small, extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgical incisions and dissection. It typically comprises a handle and a replaceable blade, which is attached by a locking mechanism or a friction fit. Surgical scalpels are designed for precision and control, and blades are available in a range of shapes and sizes to suit different procedures.

Common blade types include numbers 10, 11, 12, and 15. A number 10 blade is broad and used for general skin incisions; number 11 is thin and pointed for stab incisions; number 12 has a curved edge for deep or angled cuts; number 15 is longer and narrower for extended incisions. Other shapes exist for specific tasks. Blades are usually made of stainless steel or carbon steel and are disposable; handles may be reusable metal or plastic.

The instrument consists of a handle and a replaceable blade. The handle provides leverage and control, while the blade delivers the cutting action. Blades are sterilized and packaged separately, and they are attached to the handle in sterile conditions. After use, scalpel blades are disposed of in designated sharps containers to minimize injury risk.

In medical practice, scalpels must be kept sharp; dull blades increase tissue trauma and may complicate procedures. Proper training in sterile technique and safe handling is essential. Outside medicine, the term scalpel is sometimes used for craft knives with non-sterile blades, though medical scalpels are designed to meet stringent sterilization and biocompatibility requirements.