samplingsteknik

Samplingsteknik refers to the methods and procedures used to select a subset of units from a larger population in order to estimate characteristics of the whole. The aim is to obtain accurate, generalizable results while balancing cost and effort. Samplingsteknik is typically categorized into probability sampling, where every unit has a known chance of selection, and non-probability sampling, where selection is based on other criteria or convenience.

Probability sampling includes several approaches. Simple random sampling gives every unit an equal chance of selection. Systematic sampling selects every nth unit from a list after a random start. Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and samples within each stratum, which can improve precision. Cluster sampling groups units into clusters, then samples whole clusters; this is often cost-effective for wide populations. Multistage sampling combines these methods across several levels, common in large surveys.

Non-probability sampling covers methods where inclusion is not strictly random. Convenience sampling relies on easily accessible units, yielding potential bias. Judgment or purposive sampling selects units with particular characteristics. Quota sampling strives to reflect subgroups but does not specify probability of inclusion. Snowball sampling uses existing participants to recruit others, useful for hard-to-reach groups but with limited generalizability.

Key concepts in samplingsteknik include the sampling frame, sample size, representativeness, and sampling error. Weighting may adjust for unequal selection probabilities or nonresponse. Transparent reporting of design, limitations, and potential biases is essential. Applications span social surveys, market research, epidemiology, environmental monitoring, and quality control.