samovybíjení

Samovybíjení refers to the gradual loss of charge in an electrical energy storage device, such as a battery, when it is not in use. This phenomenon occurs due to internal chemical reactions within the device that consume stored energy. The rate of self-discharge can vary significantly depending on the type of battery technology, its age, and the ambient temperature. Generally, higher temperatures accelerate the internal chemical reactions, leading to a faster rate of self-discharge.

Different battery chemistries exhibit varying degrees of self-discharge. For example, alkaline batteries tend to have a relatively low self-discharge rate, making them suitable for long-term storage. In contrast, some rechargeable battery technologies, like Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), can experience higher self-discharge rates, meaning they lose their charge more quickly when idle. Lithium-ion batteries, widely used in portable electronics, have a moderate self-discharge rate, typically a few percent per month.

The implications of self-discharge are significant. For devices that are stored for extended periods, such as emergency equipment or backup power supplies, self-discharge can render them inoperable when needed. For rechargeable batteries, a high self-discharge rate means they need to be recharged more frequently, even if not actively used, which can impact their overall lifespan and user convenience. Manufacturers often aim to minimize self-discharge rates through material selection and design improvements to enhance the performance and reliability of their battery products.