riqq

The riqq is a traditional Middle Eastern frame drum used in Arabic music and dance ensembles. It is a tambourine-like percussion instrument with a single drumhead stretched over a circular frame and a row of metal jingles around the rim. The typical diameter ranges from about 20 to 30 centimeters, though sizes vary. The head is usually calfskin or synthetic, and the jingles are arranged in paired sets to produce a bright, shimmering sound when struck.

Construction and design: The riqq has a lightweight frame and a single membrane. Jingles around the edge create a continuous sizzle that complements the drum tone. The instrument is often supported on the hand or held by a strap, allowing the player to combine rhythmic strikes on the head with rim or jingles action.

Playing technique: The riqq is played primarily with the hands and fingers, producing a wide range of strokes, accents, and rapid embellishments. Players combine drum-head strikes with rim and jingle interactions to create micro-rhythms and rolls. The technique emphasizes precision, articulation, and timing, making the riqq a leading percussion voice in many ensembles.

Usage and repertoire: In traditional and classical Arabic music, the riqq often guides tempo and dynamics within percussion sections. It is also used in modern Arabic pop and belly dance performances, where its bright timbre and agile patterns contribute to the rhythm section.

History and context: The riqq is rooted in the broader family of frame drums of the Middle East, with influences from neighboring regions. It remains a central instrument in both ceremonial and popular music, valued for its expressive range and rhythmic versatility.