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Reproductive processes in living organisms involve the creation of new individual organisms from existing ones. This fundamental biological function ensures the continuation of a species. There are two primary modes of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, essentially clones. This method is common in many single-celled organisms like bacteria and amoebas, as well as in some multicellular organisms such as plants (through methods like cuttings or runners) and certain animals (like starfish through regeneration). Advantages of asexual reproduction include speed and efficiency, as it does not require finding a mate. However, it offers less genetic variation, which can be a disadvantage in changing environments.

Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, typically involves two parents who contribute genetic material to produce offspring that are genetically diverse. This diversity arises from the combination of genes from both parents and processes like meiosis and fertilization. In most animals and plants, this involves specialized reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and egg) that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote, which then develops into a new individual. While sexual reproduction requires more energy and time, the genetic variation it creates is crucial for adaptation and long-term survival of a species.