rinite

Rinite, also known as rhinitis in English, is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. It commonly causes nasal congestion, itchy or runny nose, sneezing, and sometimes loss of smell. Rinite can be acute or chronic and can result from allergic or nonallergic processes.

Allergic rhinitis is driven by IgE-mediated responses to airborne allergens such as pollen, house dust mites, animal dander, and mould. Nonallergic rhinitis includes vasomotor rhinitis, occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, gustatory rhinitis, and rhinitis due to infections or irritants. Infectious rhinitis refers to the common cold and is usually viral.

Diagnosis is clinical, supported by history and examination. In suspected allergic rhinitis, skin-prick testing or serum-specific IgE testing can identify sensitivities. Nasal endoscopy may be used to exclude polyps or sinus disease. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life and may include allergen avoidance, saline nasal irrigation, and pharmacotherapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are among the most effective therapies for both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis; intranasal antihistamines, oral antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists are additional options. For nonallergic rhinitis, intranasal ipratropium can help rhinorrhea, while avoidance and trigger management remain important. In the case of viral rhinitis, treatment is typically supportive.

Complications of untreated rhinitis can include sinusitis, otitis media, sleep disturbance, and asthma exacerbations. Rinite is a common condition worldwide, with prevalence varying by climate and exposure. See also rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyps.