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A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" rather than the private property or preserve of a ruling family. In a republic, the head of state is typically a president who is elected, either directly or indirectly, by the people rather than inheriting the position. Republics are characterized by the principle that power rests with the citizens who are entitled to exercise their power through their elected representatives. The concept of republicanism dates back to ancient times, with examples found in Greek city-states and the Roman Republic. Modern republics vary widely in their structure, with some presidential systems separating powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, while others have parliamentary systems where the executive branch is drawn from the legislature. Many countries have adopted republican systems following the overthrow of monarchies or colonial rule. The ideals commonly associated with republics include civic virtue, the rule of law, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms.