relapsfeber

Relapsfeber, also known as relapsing fever, is a group of bacterial diseases characterized by recurrent episodes of fever. These infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia and are transmitted to humans primarily through ticks or lice. There are two main forms of relapsing fever: louse-borne relapsing fever and tick-borne relapsing fever.

Louse-borne relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia recurrentis and is typically spread by the human body louse. Outbreaks are often associated with poor hygiene conditions, such as those found in crowded settings or during times of war or natural disaster. The illness usually begins with a sudden onset of high fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills. After a few days, the fever may break, followed by a period of remission. However, the fever typically returns, hence the name "relapsing." This cycle of fever and remission can repeat several times.

Tick-borne relapsing fever is caused by various species of Borrelia transmitted by soft ticks (Ornithodoros species). The geographic distribution of tick-borne relapsing fever is broader than louse-borne relapsing fever, and it is found in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Symptoms are similar to louse-borne relapsing fever, with recurring febrile episodes. The duration and number of relapses can vary depending on the specific Borrelia species and the host's immune response.

Diagnosis of relapsing fever is usually made based on clinical symptoms and confirmed by microscopic examination of blood smears during a febrile episode, where the spirochetes can be visualized. Serological tests may also be used. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as tetracyclines or erythromycin, which are effective in clearing the infection. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick and louse bites, using insect repellents, and maintaining good personal hygiene.