referende

Referende is the term used for a direct vote in which eligible voters are asked to approve or reject a specific proposal, such as a law, constitutional amendment, treaty, or major policy decision. It is a mechanism of direct democracy that complements representative institutions by allowing citizens to make decisions on particular issues.

There are different forms of referenda. Binding referenda result in a legal obligation to implement the outcome; advisory or consultative referenda merely express public opinion and guide decision makers. Some referenda are citizen initiated, while others are called by legislatures or governments. Political systems may also distinguish mandatory referenda on constitutional changes from optional or discretionary referenda on ordinary legislation.

Rules vary by country. Common features include voting age, ballot design, and thresholds for validity and adoption. Some jurisdictions require a simple majority, while others demand supermajorities or a double majority (for example, a nationwide majority plus a regional or cantonal majority) for changes to take effect. Turnout requirements and late-stage validations can also influence outcomes.

Notable examples show the diversity of use. Switzerland uses referenda frequently on constitutional amendments and key policies, often requiring a double majority. Ireland uses referenda to decide constitutional amendments. Other countries have used referenda to approve international treaties, regional autonomy, or major reforms, including various constitutional or legal changes.

Critics point to risks such as oversimplification of complex issues, manipulation by campaigns, or underrepresentation of minority interests. Proponents argue that referenda strengthen legitimacy, accountability, and citizen engagement in public decision making.