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A referendum is a form of direct democracy where citizens vote on a specific political question or legislative proposal. It allows the electorate to approve or reject a law, policy, or constitutional amendment directly, bypassing the usual legislative process in a representative democracy. Referendums can be categorized into different types based on their initiation and legal standing.

A mandatory referendum is required by law for certain fundamental changes, such as amending a nation's constitution. In contrast, a voluntary or optional referendum is called at the discretion of a governing body, like a parliament or president. Another form is the popular initiative, where citizens gather a required number of signatures to force a vote on a proposed law.

The use of referendums varies globally. Some countries, like Switzerland, employ them frequently as a core part of their political system. Others use them more sparingly for major constitutional issues. The topics can range from joining international organizations and changing electoral systems to social policies like same-sex marriage or independence.

Proponents argue that referendums enhance democratic participation, increase government legitimacy for major decisions, and give a clear voice to the people. Critics, however, point to potential drawbacks. These include oversimplifying complex issues, the influence of misleading campaigns, and the risk of majority groups undermining the rights of minorities. The outcome of a referendum is typically legally binding, though some are advisory. This direct democratic tool remains a significant, though debated, feature of many political landscapes.