ratify

Ratify is the formal act of giving consent to an agreement, treaty, or law, thereby making it officially binding. The term is commonly used in international law to describe the process by which states consent to be bound by a treaty after signing it.

Etymology: from Latin ratificare, from ratus “fixed, settled” + facere “to make.”

Process: In many jurisdictions, initial signature signals intent, but binding effect arises only after ratification. The exact method varies: a legislature may approve a treaty, the head of state may ratify on behalf of the state, sometimes a referendum is required. Some treaties specify that they enter into force upon ratification by a certain number of states, or on a specific date.

Domestic effect: Ratification often requires implementing legislation to align domestic law with treaty obligations. It may also change or clarify rights and duties inside the country.

Limitations: Not all agreements are ratified; some states may ratify with reservations or declarations. A state can withdraw or terminate a treaty under certain circumstances.

Examples: The United States ratifies treaties via advice and consent of the Senate; other countries require parliamentary approval. Ratification marks the transition from mere agreement or signature to a binding commitment that governs the relationship between the consenting parties.