qawwali

Qawwali is a form of devotional music associated with the Sufi tradition in South Asia, widely performed in Pakistan and India. It originated in the Indian subcontinent during the 13th–14th centuries within the Chishti order, blending Persian, Arabic, and local Hindustani influences. Historically tied to Sufi shrines (dargahs), qawwali has also found a presence in secular concerts and recordings.

A typical qawwali performance features a lead vocalist, one or more supporting singers, a chorus, and instrumental accompaniment such as harmonium, tabla, dholak, and clapping. The music often uses a call-and-response format, with a main melody and refrains that recur throughout the piece. Lyrics praise God, the Prophet, or Sufi saints and explore mystical themes; the repertoire includes qawwali songs, na’at, and manqabats. Performances can vary in length, frequently building to a climactic chorus.

Historically, qawwali developed through the work of master and disciple lineages, with Amir Khusro traditionally credited in popular lore though the exact origins are debated. The 20th century saw a revival and international fame for artists such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and the Sabri Brothers, followed by later musicians who continued to popularize qawwali worldwide.

Culturally, qawwali remains an important expression of Sufi devotion and South Asian musical heritage, performed at shrines and on stage and recognized by UNESCO as part of the intangible heritage of humanity. Today, the form continues to evolve, incorporating modern arrangements while preserving traditional elements.