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Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, often abbreviated as PLP, is the biologically active form of vitamin B6. It is a coenzyme found in all living cells and plays a crucial role in a vast array of biochemical reactions. PLP is essential for the metabolism of amino acids, serving as a cofactor in over 100 enzymatic reactions, including transamination, decarboxylation, and deamination. These processes are vital for protein synthesis, neurotransmitter production, and the breakdown of glycogen.

The structure of PLP consists of a pyridine ring with a phosphate group attached at the 5-position. This phosphate group is key to its ability to bind to enzymes and facilitate their catalytic activity. PLP's versatility arises from its ability to form Schiff bases with amino groups of amino acid substrates, which then undergo various transformations.

Deficiency in vitamin B6, and consequently PLP, can lead to a range of health issues. These may include neurological problems such as seizures, peripheral neuropathy, and anemia. Symptoms can also manifest as skin lesions, glossitis, and cheilosis. PLP is synthesized in the body from dietary vitamin B6, which is found in foods like poultry, fish, whole grains, and bananas. Supplementation may be recommended in certain medical conditions or dietary restrictions.