päänimen

Päänimen, or päänimen (genitive form päänimen), is a term used in Finnish linguistics to describe the head element of a compound word or noun phrase. It denotes the central word that carries the core meaning and largely determines the grammatical behavior of the whole compound. The other elements in the compound typically function as modifiers that refine or specify the head.

In Finnish, compounds are usually endocentric, meaning the rightmost element is the head. The head determines the syntactic category and most of the inflection of the entire word. For example, in kirjahylly, the head is hylly (shelf) and kirja (book) modifies it to produce a “bookshelf.” In kaupunginjohtaja, the head is johtaja (leader or chief), while kaupungin marks a possessive or descriptive relationship (city’s), forming “mayor.” In oppikirja, the head is kirja (book), with oppi serving as a modifying stem to mean “textbook.” Pääministeri follows the same pattern, with ministeri as the head and pää indicating a top or chief status.

The päänimen concept is important for understanding Finnish morphology because the inflection of a compound often follows the head. When a compound is declined, pluralized, or takes a case ending, the ending attaches to the head rather than to every component. It is also distinct from personal naming terms: etunimi (given name) and sukunimi (surname) refer to people’s names, not the head of a compound.

In summary, päänimen specifies the semantic core and grammatical core of Finnish compounds, with the rightmost element typically functioning as the head that governs agreement and inflection.