pulber

Pulber is the Estonian term for powder, a solid substance that has been reduced to very fine particles, usually by crushing, grinding, or atomization. Powder is characterized by its small particle size and high surface area, which influence properties such as flow, packing, solubility, and reactivity. The concept is used across scientific, culinary, cosmetic, and industrial contexts.

Powders occur in many forms and serve diverse purposes. Cosmetic powders include products like face powders and body powders, designed to provide texture, color, and oil absorption. Food powders encompass flour, powdered sugar, cocoa powder, and instant mixes. Pharmaceutical powders are used for medicine formulation, reconstitution, and controlled release. Industrial powders include cement, metal powders for additive manufacturing, pigments, and catalysts.

Production and properties of powders vary by application. They are produced through milling, grinding, crushing, spray drying, or atomization of liquids into powders. Key properties include particle size distribution, shape, bulk density, porosity, and moisture content, all of which affect flowability, compaction, caking, and dissolution. Some powders are hygroscopic and absorb moisture from the air, while others resist moisture. Safety considerations include inhalation hazards, dust control, and, for combustible powders, the risk of dust explosions.

Handling and storage practices depend on composition and use. Powders are typically packaged in moisture- and contamination-proof containers and require appropriate labeling. Proper handling involves dust-control measures, personal protective equipment where necessary, and compliance with applicable regulatory standards. The general term pulber does not specify a particular chemical identity or application.