pubertyadolescence

Puberty is the biological process by which a child’s body becomes capable of sexual reproduction, driven by hormonal changes that lead to physical and sexual maturation. Adolescence is the broader developmental period between childhood and adulthood, encompassing physical growth, cognitive development, and social and identity changes, and it typically overlaps with puberty.

The onset of puberty varies among individuals and populations. In most girls, early signs appear between ages 8 and 13, with breast development and the growth of pubic hair, followed by menstruation after a year or more. In most boys, puberty begins between ages 9 and 14, indicated by testicular enlargement and penis growth, followed by voice deepening and broader changes in body hair and muscle mass. Growth spurts and changes in body composition also occur during this time.

Pubertal changes are driven by hormonal signals from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which stimulate the gonads to produce estrogen or testosterone. Adrenal androgens contribute to hair growth and skin changes. Hormonal activity can also influence mood, energy, and appetite during early adolescence.

Brain development continues through adolescence, with ongoing maturation of the prefrontal cortex and other regions that support decision-making and impulse control. This period also involves developing identity, autonomy, and social relationships, with heightened sensitivity to peer perspectives and social context.

Health and education play important roles in supporting healthy development. Adequate sleep, nutrition, and physical activity support growth; comprehensive sex education and access to healthcare promote informed decisions and well-being. Some individuals experience variations such as early or late pubertal onset or medical conditions that affect puberty, which may require clinical evaluation.