psilocin

Psilocin, chemically known as 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine and the primary active metabolite of the prodrug psilocybin. It is produced by certain psychedelic mushrooms, notably species in the Psilocybe genus. Structurally similar to serotonin, psilocin acts as a serotonergic psychedelic, with its effects largely mediated by partial agonism at 5-HT2A receptors; activity at other serotonin receptors also contributes to its pharmacology.

After ingestion, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin by phosphatase enzymes in the gut and liver. Psilocin then enters the brain, and its effects are influenced by dose and route of administration. Onset typically occurs within 20–60 minutes, with peak effects around 2–3 hours and a total duration of about 4–6 hours. Psilocin is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.

Effects include perceptual alterations, visual and auditory changes, and shifts in mood, thought, and sense of time and self. Psychological effects range from euphoria and insight to anxiety and confusion. Common somatic effects can include pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and nausea. Serious adverse events are uncommon in healthy adults but can include severe anxiety, paranoia, or triggering psychotic episodes in predisposed individuals. There is a potential risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic medications.

Legally, psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries; some jurisdictions have decriminalized or permitted research. In clinical settings, protocols have explored psilocybin- or psilocin-containing therapies for treatment-resistant depression and other conditions, under controlled conditions.