progesteroon

Progesteroon is a term used in some languages to refer to progesterone, the primary natural progestogen in humans. It is a steroid hormone produced mainly by the ovarian corpus luteum, with additional small amounts produced by the placenta and adrenal glands.

Progesteroon acts by binding to intracellular progesterone receptors, influencing gene transcription and modulating the function of reproductive tissues. Its key roles include preparing the endometrium for implantation, supporting early pregnancy, and regulating the menstrual cycle. It also affects cervical mucus, breast tissue, and, to some extent, the central nervous system.

In clinical use, progesterone and related progestogens are employed for luteal phase support in assisted reproduction, prevention of preterm birth in specific high-risk pregnancies, and as part of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. They are administered in various forms, including oral micronized progesterone, vaginal gels or suppositories, transdermal systems, and intramuscular injections. Synthetic progestins, distinct from natural progesterone, are used in combined hormonal contraceptives and various hormone therapies, with differing receptor affinities and metabolic profiles.

Pharmacokinetics and administration vary by formulation. Oral progesterone has limited bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism, while micronized forms improve absorption. It is metabolized in the liver by reduction and conjugation, with metabolites excreted in urine and bile. Onset and duration depend on the preparation and route of administration.

Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, breast tenderness, and mood changes. Serious adverse events are rare with standalone progesterone but can occur with misadministration, liver disease, or complex regimens that include estrogens or other hormones.