produktivnosti

Produktivnost is a term used in several Slavic languages to denote the rate at which inputs are transformed into outputs in production processes. In economics, productivity generally measures how efficiently resources such as labor, capital, and land are used to produce goods and services. The most common form is labor productivity, defined as output per hour worked or per worker. Total factor productivity (TFP) is a broader concept that captures gains from technology, innovation, and organizational improvements not fully explained by measured input growth.

Productivity is distinct from efficiency in general usage but closely related. Efficiency describes doing things well, while productivity focuses on the amount of output achieved given a set of inputs. Higher productivity means more output from the same inputs, or the same output with fewer inputs, supporting higher living standards and wage growth over time.

Measurement involves several levels—individual firms, industries, and economies. Data come from national accounts, firm surveys, and time-use studies. Comparisons across sectors and countries require adjustments for differences in price, quality, and measurement practices, which can complicate interpretation, especially in services.

Drivers and policies that influence productivity include human capital and skills, technology adoption, capital deepening, management quality, research and development, infrastructure, institutions, and regulatory frameworks. Practices such as process optimization, lean manufacturing, digitalization, and innovation ecosystems are commonly used to boost productivity.

Limitations and criticisms center on measurement challenges, potential neglect of quality of life, and environmental or social costs. Despite these concerns, productivity growth remains a central determinant of long-run economic performance and competitiveness.