praxis

Praxis is a term used across philosophy, social theory, education, and religious practice to denote practical action that is informed by theory and aimed at transforming reality. The word derives from the Greek praxis, meaning action or practice, and is often contrasted with theoria (theory) and poiesis (making or production). In scholarly contexts, praxis signifies not merely action, but deliberate, reflective practice.

In classical philosophy, praxis denotes action undertaken for its own end and connected to virtue and the good life. Aristotle distinguished praxis from poiesis, which produces an external object, emphasizing that ethical action is valuable in itself and oriented toward human flourishing.

In Marxist and critical theory, praxis refers to the unity of theory and practice. Knowledge becomes meaningful through transformative action, and social change is justified by its practical effects. The concept emphasizes material conditions and collective effort, arguing that theory should guide transformative activity in the world.

In education and critical pedagogy, praxis is the combined process of reflection and action upon reality to shape it. Paulo Freire popularized the idea of praxis as a continuing dialogue between critically examining the world and acting within it, aimed at liberation and social justice.

Other uses of praxis appear in religious, cultural, and organizational contexts, where it can refer to habitual or ritual practice or to the name of groups, journals, or projects. Across its uses, praxis remains a focal point in discussions about how knowledge, belief, and understanding translate into concrete action.