posttranslatsioalisesti
Posttranslational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic addition of chemical groups or proteins to a protein after its synthesis on the ribosome. This process occurs in all domains of life and plays a critical role in regulating protein function, localization, stability, and interactions. Unlike genetic mutations or alternative splicing, which alter the protein sequence at the DNA or RNA level, PTMs provide a dynamic mechanism to fine-tune cellular responses to environmental and developmental cues.
Common types of PTMs include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and sumoylation. Phosphorylation, for example, often
PTMs are tightly controlled by specific enzymes called writers (e.g., kinases for phosphorylation), erasers (e.g., phosphatases),
Research into PTMs has expanded rapidly with advances in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, enabling large-scale mapping