postneolithic

Post-Neolithic refers to the broad archaeological and historical period that follows the Neolithic Revolution, signaling the transition from primarily small-scale, farming-based communities to more complex socio-economic systems. The term is not a fixed chronological unit; it is used to describe the series of cultural stages that succeed the Neolithic in different regions, including the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and early historic periods.

Characteristics commonly associated with post-Neolithic societies include the introduction and advancement of metalworking (notably copper, bronze, and iron), increased social differentiation and centralized leadership, the growth of long-distance exchange networks, and the emergence of urban centers and state institutions. Technological innovations such as improved pottery, wheeled transport, writing, and monumental architecture often accompany this transition, though regional trajectories vary considerably.

Regional variation: In Southwest Asia and Europe, the post-Neolithic era typically encompasses the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age, culminating in Iron Age developments and ancient states. In East Asia, Bronze Age cultures and subsequent periods follow the Neolithic with distinctive timelines. In the Americas, metalworking appears in scattered areas later, and some regions experience complex societies without Bronze or large urban states. Africa presents diverse trajectories, with early urbanism and metalworking in several regions.

Terminology: The label post-Neolithic emphasizes broad change rather than a single, uniform period. It is most useful when discussing large-scale social and technological transformations that extend beyond local Neolithic adaptations.