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Polystyrene, often abbreviated as PS, is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from the monomer styrene. It is a versatile plastic that can be either rigid or foamed. In its solid state, polystyrene is typically transparent and brittle. It is commonly used in the production of disposable cutlery, CD/DVD cases, and other consumer goods. When processed into a foamed material, it becomes polystyrene foam, also known as Styrofoam (a brand name). This foamed version is lightweight, has good insulating properties, and is used extensively in packaging, disposable cups, and building insulation.

Polystyrene is produced through the polymerization of styrene monomers. This process can be achieved through various methods, including free-radical polymerization, anionic polymerization, and cationic polymerization. The resulting polymer's properties can be modified by altering the polymerization conditions or by adding co-monomers and additives. For example, adding rubber can improve its impact resistance, making it less brittle.

While polystyrene is widely used due to its low cost and ease of processing, it is also a subject of environmental concern. It is not readily biodegradable, and its disposal can contribute to plastic pollution. Recycling efforts are in place for polystyrene, but challenges remain in collection and reprocessing due to its lightweight nature and tendency to break into smaller pieces. Its flammability is also a consideration, and flame retardants are often added for specific applications, particularly in building insulation.