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Polyethylene glycols, often abbreviated as PEGs, are a series of water-soluble polymers derived from ethylene oxide. They are characterized by their repeating ethylene oxide units, with the general formula H-(O-CH2-CH2)n-OH, where 'n' represents the number of repeating units. The physical properties of PEGs, such as their viscosity and solubility, vary significantly with the length of the polymer chain ('n'). Shorter chains tend to be liquids, while longer chains are waxy solids.

PEGs are produced through the polymerization of ethylene oxide, typically initiated by water or ethylene glycol. The process can be controlled to yield PEGs of specific molecular weights and chain lengths, which dictate their applications. Their inertness, low toxicity, and ability to dissolve in both water and many organic solvents make them versatile compounds.

In the pharmaceutical industry, PEGs are widely used as excipients in various formulations, including tablets, capsules, and topical creams. They function as binders, solvents, and emollients. In cosmetics and personal care products, PEGs act as humectants, emulsifiers, and solubilizers in items like shampoos, lotions, and toothpaste. Their use in these products is generally considered safe, though concerns about potential impurities from the manufacturing process have been raised and are subject to regulatory oversight. PEGs also find applications in industrial processes, such as lubricants and surfactants.