polgárosodás

Polgárosodás, or "urbanization," refers to the historical process by which an increasing proportion of a population comes to live in urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities. This phenomenon has been a defining characteristic of modern societal development, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, as industrialization accelerated economic and demographic shifts.

In Hungary, the term *polgárosodás* specifically denotes the social and cultural transformation that occurred during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, influenced by Enlightenment ideals and the spread of bourgeois values. This period saw the rise of a new urban middle class—comprising merchants, professionals, and intellectuals—who challenged traditional aristocratic dominance. The movement emphasized secularism, rationalism, and the cultivation of a cosmopolitan lifestyle, often associated with Western European cultural trends.

Key aspects of *polgárosodás* included the establishment of urban salons, literary circles, and educational institutions that promoted critical thinking and artistic expression. The bourgeoisie sought greater political and social influence, advocating for legal reforms, press freedom, and the abolition of feudal privileges. This intellectual and social awakening laid the groundwork for later nationalist and liberal movements in Hungary, contributing to the country’s eventual push for constitutional reforms and independence from Habsburg rule.

While *polgárosodás* initially represented progress and modernity, its rapid urbanization also brought challenges, such as overcrowding, social inequality, and cultural tensions between traditional and progressive values. The term remains significant in Hungarian historiography as a symbol of the country’s transition from feudal structures toward a more secular, urbanized society.